Framework
The Multi-hierarchical DfX Framework
Design for X (DfX) applied to circular economy organises 230+ design strategies across three dimensions: what circular objective you are designing for, at which lifecycle phase, and for which product lifecycle loop. Together, these dimensions form a navigable map of circular design possibilities.
Three Dimensions
X-Levels
A three-tier hierarchy of circular objectives and the design strategies that enable them.
P-Phases
Eight lifecycle stages from business planning through recovery, each with its own strategies.
L-Loops
Distinguishes between first-lifecycle and subsequent-lifecycle strategies for circular products.
Dimension 1
X-Levels: The Strategy Hierarchy
The X dimension organises circular design strategies into three hierarchical levels. X1 defines the high-level circular objectives. X2 contains the primary enabling strategies that make those objectives achievable. X3 captures the supporting strategies that create the broader conditions for success.
Main Circular Objectives
The primary circular economy goals that a product or system can be designed for. These represent the fundamental end-of-use pathways.
Primary Enabling Strategies
Design strategies that directly enable the X1 objectives. These are the actionable approaches designers apply to make circular outcomes possible.
Supporting Strategies
Broader systemic and contextual strategies that create the conditions for circularity to thrive. These address business models, user behaviour, and information flows.
Dimension 2
P-Phases: The Product Lifecycle
Every product moves through a series of lifecycle stages. The P dimension maps circular strategies to eight distinct phases, from initial business planning through end-of-life recovery. Each phase presents unique opportunities for circular intervention.
Business & Network
Strategic partnerships, circular business models, and value network design.
Resources & Production
Material selection, manufacturing processes, and resource efficiency.
Forward Logistics
Packaging, distribution, and delivery optimised for circularity.
Sale
Point of sale, product-service offerings, and ownership models.
Use & Operation
User experience, energy efficiency, and product care during active use.
Service & Maintenance
Repair services, spare parts availability, and maintenance protocols.
Reverse Logistics
Collection, sorting, and transportation of end-of-use products.
Recovery
Material recovery, component harvesting, and end-of-life processing.
Dimension 3
L-Loops: Lifecycle Iterations
In a circular economy, products do not follow a linear path from creation to disposal. Instead, they loop through multiple lifecycles. The L dimension distinguishes between strategies relevant to a product's first life and those that apply in subsequent lifecycles.
First Lifecycle
Strategies applied during a product's original lifecycle, from its first manufacture through to the point where it leaves the hands of its original user. L1 strategies focus on extending this initial life as long as possible.
Subsequent Lifecycles
Strategies that come into play when a product enters its second or subsequent lifecycles through reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing, or recycling. L2+ strategies address the unique challenges of giving products and materials new life.
Putting It Together
Every circular design strategy lives at the intersection of these three dimensions. For example, "Design for Disassembly" (an X2 strategy) can be applied at the "Resources & Production" phase (P2) and is relevant to both the first lifecycle (L1) and subsequent ones (L2+). This three-dimensional mapping helps designers navigate the full landscape of circular possibilities.
Ready to explore?
Use the interactive tool to discover which strategies apply to your project, filtered by lifecycle phase, circular objective, and loop.
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